Diabetes Mellitus As A Chronic Metabolic Disorder Essay

Chapter - 23 Diabetes Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that prevents the body to utilise glucose completely or partially. It is characterised by raised glucose concentration in the blood and alterations in carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. This can be due to failure in the formation of insulin or liberation or action. Since insulin is produced by the p cells of the islets of Langerhans, any receding in the number of functioning cells will decrease the amount of insulin that can be synthesised. Many diabetics can produce sufficient insulin but some stimulus to the islets tissue is needed in order that secretion can take place. During the early stages of the disease, the Insulin Like Activity (ILA) of the blood is often increased, but most of this insulin appears to be bound to protein and is not available for transport across the cell membrane and action of the cell. Globally, as of 2010, an estimated 285 million people had diabetes, with type 2 making up about 90% of the cases. In 2011 it resulted in 1.4 million deaths worldwide making it the 8th leading cause of death. This is an increase from 1 million deaths in 2000. Its rate has increased, and by 2030, this number is estimated to almost double. Diabetes mellitus occurs throughout the world, but is more common (especially type 2) in more developed countries. The greatest increase in rates is, however, expected to occur in Asia and Africa, where most people with diabetes willShow MoreRelatedDiabetes Mellitus : A Serious Chronic Metabolic Disorder Associated With High Blood Sugar2086 Words   |  9 Pages Diabetes Mellitus MED 2056 Michela Leytham 12/7/2014 FT029 Jessica Ferreira Diabetes Mellitus is a serious chronic metabolic disorder associated with high blood sugar that affects the body’s ability to metabolize nutrients and use them as fuel. 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According to Silverman, more than 2.6 million people in UK are diabetic as according to data collected from GP practices and more than 5 million obese people are registered to GP practices. So One in ten people are getting treatment for obesity and one in 20 are getting treatment for diabetes [2]. It is estimated that more than 5% men and more than 4% women in England are found to have diagnosed diabetes. While, 3% menRead MoreA Brief Note On Diabetes And Diabetes Mellitus1428 Words   |  6 Pages 1. Problems, Issues or Disease Progress of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes mellitus refers to a chronic human health condition characterized by prolonged high sugar level in the blood. A group of metabolic disorders like, seizures, lethargy, and jaundice among others, which occur when chemical reactions abnormally alter the normalcy of the body’s metabolic processes, causes this condition. Diabetes occurs mainly because of two issues; due to inadequate production of insulin by the pancreas, and dueRead MoreEssay on Chronic Renal Failure830 Words   |  4 Pagesfunctioning. One of these diseases is renal failure (kidney failure), a dangerous disorder. Stein (2002) defines renal failure as a condition in which the kidneys are less able than normal to do their usual function. There are two classes of kidney failure: acute renal failure (ARF) and chronic renal failure (CRF). This essay will focus on CRF and explain its two major causes. Chronic Renal Failure Chronic renal failure is progressive destruction of kidney tissue by disease; if not treated

Federalism Questions Free Essays

6AP US History Federalism Questions I. Answer the following questions as fully as possible. Use the Internet, The American Pageant, or other sources to find the answers. We will write a custom essay sample on Federalism Questions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Also please list your sources for each question. 1. What were the major weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation? The Articles of Confederation were replaced by the Constitution at the Constitutional Conference in May 1787. Members of the Conference saw to replace the Articles because it was weak. The articles did not effectively unify the nation with a central government. No centralized government would lead to conflicts within and between states. Also Constitution had direct taxation, which would be a source of money for the government. There was no strong foreign policy either. 2. What were some of the key elements of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787? The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was a very important law for the newly founded America. It gave all unclaimed land to the federal government. It allowed the government to establish territories, which could become states after the area achieves a population of 60,000. Territories could also establish governments when their population of free white men was 5,000. The law also made waterways like the Mississippi and St. Lawrence rivers free for travel for United States Citizens. Religious freedom, habeas corpus and bans on cruel and unusual punishment were established. The northern Territories were also declared free of slavery. 3. Why was Shay’s Rebellion such a dangerous situation for the new USA? Shay’s Rebellion, an uprising of central and western Massachusetts farmers, started because the government did not pass laws that would forgive debt and print more money. The farmers needed this because the area was experiencing an economic crisis. Daniel Shays, a former member of the Continental Army led the cause. The cause was dangerous because so many people supported them. Citizens saw the rebels as the same as those who rebelled in the Revolution. When the government squashed their movement, many people were discontented and other rebellions sprung up. 4. Why did the Constitution have a system of checks and balances? The Constitution had a system of checks and balances to keep the three branches in even power. If an unconstitutional law is being passed by congress the Judiciary Branch can stop it. The Judicial Branch can do the same for presidential acts. This would keep the power more evenly spread and allow more voices to be heard too. The checks could prevent dictatorial rule too. 5. Explain the 3/5 Compromise. How/why did this happen? The three-fifths Compromise was an agreement between the North and South met during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787. The law stated that three-fifths of the slave population would be counted for things such as how many House Representative a state would get and state tax distribution. The compromise was met because anti-slavery delegates wanted only free men to count, which would take power away from the South and pro-slavery delegates wanted every slave to count as a person. 6. Why did Alexander Hamilton welcome the Whiskey Rebellion? The Whiskey Rebellion was resilience against a tax on whiskey set forth by Alexander Hamilton. Hamilton established the tax to pay off the United States’ large debt. Small western farmers protested because the tax was more lenient on larger eastern distilleries. Soon, they rebelled and were quickly squashed by Washington’s newly formed administration. Hamilton welcomed the rebellion because he saw it as a test for the new government. The rebellion eventually also led to the formation of the Republican and Federalist Parties. 7. What was Alexander Hamilton’s view of the â€Å"masses† compared to Thomas Jefferson’s? 8. How did George Washington handle the issue of war between England and France? In 1792, after the French Revolution, the newly established French Republic went to war with almost all of Europe. Washington decided to remain neutral for the course of his term. This became hard because both countries begin seizing neutral trade ships and America was trying to maintain trade with both sides. 9. Why were the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions such a threat to the Federal Government? During John Adams’ Presidency, the Congress was almost all members of the Federalist Party. James Madison and Thomas Jefferson, who were trying to fight the Alien and Sedition Acts, could not influence Congress at all. They decided take their case to state legislatures and wrote resolutions to Kentucky and Virginia. The documents suggested that states had the power do declare laws unconstitutional, which was dangerous to the Federal Government. 10. Explain the XYZ affair. How did John Adams handle this event? The XYZ affair happened during John Adams’ service as president When Adams assumed his presidency, the French did not recognize him. Agents codenamed X, Y, and Z, demanded huge amounts of money for loans and bribery. Adams spoke to Congress and called for a navy which resulted in what is called the Quasi-War, an undeclared war that consisted of a few naval skirmishes in the Caribbean. The outcome of the war was that France would no longer attack U. S. trade vessels and United States neutrality. 11. How did the 2 party political system in American politics evolve? Sample AP questions. 12. â€Å"The Declaration of Independence issued a call for a democratic government of equal citizens that was rejected by the writers of the Constitution, who created an aristocratic government that benefited only the wealthy few. † Assess the validity of this statement. Issued on July 4, 1776 by the Constitutional Congress, the Declaration of Independence was a document that fervently called for equality for all citizens. On September 17, 1787, the Constitution was declared as the supreme law of the United States. The statement, â€Å"The Declaration of Independence issued a call for a democratic government of equal citizens that was rejected by the writers of the Constitution, who created an aristocratic government that benefited only the wealthy few,† is invalid because while the Constitution made for a more powerful federal government, officials were elected by the people, those officials’ terms were all terminal, and checks and balances were put into place. In the United States, all officials are elected by the citizen. Members of the government like the President, Congressmen, Representatives, Judges, Sheriffs, and City Officials are all decided by people in the community that they concern. Even though power is put onto a single person at some times, that individual was decided on by the people. While some officials like Supreme Court Judges and Cabinet Members are not decided by the people, they re decided by the President, who is elected by the people. The government officers who are elected by the masses, all serve for finite terms. For example, Presidents serve four years until going up for re-election. At the time, there was no limit to how many terms a President can serve, but the people would decide that limit with their votes. Members of Congress, the House of Representatives and city officials all serve for various amounts of time before being put up to be re-elected. This means that new ideas and values can flow throughout the government and a dictatorial rule is impossible. The United States Government also has checks and balances to keep all three branches within equal power. The Legislative Branch has the power to impeach the President, approve federal Judges, and declare war, while the Executive Branch has the power to veto bills, appoint Supreme Court Judges, and the President is the Commander in Chief of the Military. The Judicial Branch can have Judicial review on both the Legislative and Executive Branches. These help evenly distribute the power more throughout government and keep one branch from taking too much control. With its election of officials by the people, finite serving terms for government officers, and checks and balances, the U. S. government established by the Constitution is far from an aristocracy. How to cite Federalism Questions, Essay examples

Corporate Governance of the MNCs in Advanced Economies-Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Governance of the MNCs in Advanced Economies. Answer: Introduction MNC stands for multinational corporations. These are corporate organizations that own and control of production or operate in at least one country which is not the home country. Corporate governance defines the way in which these business enterprises are controlled or directed. It divides and clearly brings out the rights, responsibilities, and mandates held by different people in the company such as the terms of the board of directors, the managers, those of shareholders and other stakeholders. It also covers the procedures that are to be taken in the process of decision making on the affairs of the corporation (Kay 2015). Corporate governance structures play a significant role in motivating the manager to increase the value of the firm instead of focusing on the personal ambitions and therefore ensure that the people in the lower positions in the structure can be able to get correct and reliable information (Pablos Lytras 2008, pp 48-55). Good corporate governance should ensure work to make sure that there is an alignment between the interests of the managers in the top positions and those of the stakeholders. This is well explained in the agency theory which tries to solve problems that arise due to unaligned objectives between the managers, shareholders, and entrepreneurs. This approach tries to address tries to solve two main problems; firstly, it attempts to resolve the problem that occurs in the case of conflicting interests and goals between the principal and the agent. Secondly, it also addresses the issue of sharing the risks that arise when the principal and the agent are having conflicting attitudes towards the risk. The theory is, therefore, important in handling the concept of corporate governance (Moebert et al., 2007). Corporate Governance systems in MNCs Corporate governance in the MNCs can view from a broad perspective to be of two types. Firstly, the management by the board of directors, control on business ownership team of the organization, all on the internal side of the body. They have a lot of direct control on the individual business enterprise's profitability. They, therefore, need to be competent, result oriented and people of excellent values. The external governance of the organization is influenced by the patents, policies, and regulations of the country of operation, the foreign market among other influences. Both types of governance of the MNCs should not be overlooked since they have a significant impact on the functioning of these organizations (Edwards 2011, pp. 267290). Various approaches exist to handle the corporate governance in the MNCs. Firstly, MNCs employ two related corporate governance tiers. Firstly, they apply the parent level corporate management which controls and defines the way rights, mandates and responsibilities of the parent company are shared across (Sun 2009). Secondly, they have the subsidiary level corporate governance which defines how other subordinate companies have their board of directors and other shareholders, but at the end, they are work in integration with the parent company. Subsidiary governance will have their branch companies run and managed as if they are independent of the parent company, but at the end, they are connected in as much as they may not be fully owned by the MNC (Albu 2013). Corporate governance together with managerial governance forms the organizational management. Corporate governance is in charge of control of the companys affairs while managerial governance is concerned with the internal processes, decisions, and the business activities. Both types of organizational management are critical for the operation of the business enterprise, and they all work together in the realization of the company's goals and objectives. MNCs also employ these types of organizational governance (Ghita 2008). Corporate governance of MNCs has many aspects that differentiate them from the corporate governance of the domestic firms. These elements include MNCs having more demanding shareholders across the globe, their governance structures being complex, employment of multi-tier management systems among other aspects. Therefore, corporate governance of MNCs is much more complex than that of the domestic firms due to the complex management systems involved (Crawford 2007). The people participating in the governance of these companies, therefore, need to be competent, hardworking, of high integrity, ability to establish a good relationship with others and should generally be people of excellent personal values. Advanced Economies An advanced economy is a term used to describe developed countries. It refers to the countries that have advanced technologically, infrastructure and the general life of people. This is mostly determined by the gross domestic product (GDP), the per capita income, gross national product (GNP), infrastructure, industrialization level and the general peoples living standards CIA (2008). It is also true that in determining the advanced economies, there does not exist any numerical count or convention that is set for establishing the advanced economies but rather is based on whether the country is developed or not. These estimations may not be accurate in some cases. Given the fact that corporate governance of the MNCs in the advanced economies has a significant influence on the sustainability and profitability of these firms, they have tried to put in place systems that are well structured and organized for their smooth operation. Characteristics of Corporate Governance of MNCs in Advanced Economies Corporate governance of MNCs in advanced economies is characterized by execution of many instruments and mechanisms to survive in the changing needs of the globe and the differences and issues that arise from the cross-country operations. This governance is developed with some strategies that suit the environment. The policies have also helped the MNCs to have some set of standards that are useful for their operation in those countries (Clarke 2007). Firstly, the board composition for MNCs in advanced economies is made up of both inside and outside directors. The board of trustees plays the critical role in the success of the business enterprise since they are the key drivers of the organization. The inside directors play a part in the decision-making process, and they can access information. Outside directors have more powers than the inside ones. They are final decision makers and them in charge of evaluating the strategic directions and the management behaviors. For this reason, the MNCs, therefore, choose the board of directors who are competent, good personality and with the high commitment among other good virtues (Mingst 2014). Corporate Governance of MNCs in Advanced Economies is also characterized by market discipline. This occurs when a given firm's management fails, poor performance or failure of the internal controls, the company is then made open for corporate control. Poorly performing companies are subject to being taken over by some other company which is much more powerful. The powerful company is willing to take over this poor performing company. This is cost effective since the company will easily get the assets required in the country it wishes to operate. This, therefore, shows that the corporate governance of MNCs must have market discipline since other world companies are watching it (William 2013). Failure to observe market discipline will directly impact the firms operation negatively, and their operation in the market may become extinct. MNCs are therefore judged with the responsibility of maintaining market discipline. The board chairmanship also categorizes the corporate governance system for MNCs. This refers to whether the operating CEO of the firm is working as the chairperson the board of directors. The case where the operating CEO can work as the board chairman, time reduces accountability and reduces the proper functioning of the board. It is also evident that when MNCs in advanced economies expand, they require chairperson for the smooth operation because their operation becomes more complicated (Eun et al. 2013). Chairmanship greatly helps in the coordination and smooth operation of the firm. This is important since smooth management of the MNCs gives the firm a good competitive advantage and therefore significantly impacts on the profitability and sustainability of these organizations. Regarding the board size, the MNCs are characterized with either too small board size or too large one. Small-sized is seen to be easily convinced by their CEO. They also have the shortage of expertise. On the other hand, the large board might be having the required knowledge, but in most cases, they suffer from conflicts in the group (William, 2013). An agreed compensation also characterizes the MNCs in advanced economies through all countries of operation. The compensation is directly related to the responsibilities they hold in the organization. They also receive incentives for their performance (Wu 2017). The MNCs are also seen to operate with independent auditors handling the affairs of the organization. This is mostly through governance based on discipline. The independent auditors are usually both internal and external. They work to evaluate the integrity of the financial reports and identify misconduct in the financial statements. These identified faults are punishable. External auditors are appointed by the shareholders but not the management. The audit team, therefore, plays an important role in the operation of the MNCs in these advanced economies and in general (Doob 2013). Culture-based governance is also observed as a characteristic for these MNCs. The management culture defines the way the firm is governed by company visions, core values, mission, slogans among others; the corporate integrity defines the normal moral standards in the organization. It also entails the determination of the ethical climate of the firm. It is, therefore, the role of the board and other key executives to ensure that culture-based governance is well taken care of in the MNCs (Mingst 2014, pp. 310). This plays a crucial role in the profitability and sustainability of the organization. The MNCs also have ways of handling misconducts. They have established systems of punishing those who does not abide by the firm's rules and expectations. This could arise from poor handling of the company's assets, failure to adhere to the expected code of conducts among others. In the event of such misconduct, the MNCs are characterized by the application of methods such as demotions, salary freezing or reduction, the imposition of fines, dismissals among others. These established methods to handle misconducts make people abide by the organization's expectations and therefore reduced occurrences of illegal behaviors (Schermerhorn 2009, pp. 387). Comparison of CG Systems in China with Advanced Economies China is among the countries with high investment in foreign countries (high OFDI). This has, therefore, made the MNCs have a lot of interest in making the branch firms in those countries to align with those of the headquarters. Corporate governance with better control helps organizations to improve their profitability, organization's sustainability, increased competitive advantage and the general corporate performance. The corporate governance system of MNCs in China is not different from that of the other advanced economies (Caldwell Xiong 2010). China's corporate governance can be categorized into two types. These are the external management and that of the organization's internal management. The firms internal governance is made up of the board of directors controls, the ownership and monitoring and that of the managerial team. This usually has effects on the profitability of the firm especially in the individual countries of operation (Treanor 2009). On the other hand, the external governance of the MNCs in China entails the issues coming from the outside market, and the policies, rules, and regulations of the government. Both of these types of corporate governance are critical for MNCs, and they always apply them appropriately for their better operation and performance (Bjorkman et al. 2008, pp 964-978). Like other MNCs in advanced economies, the China's MNCs are also characterized by the board of directors who are well documented. The board judged by the main responsibility of reducing the costs that arise from a distance between the ownership and the decision control of the firm. They, therefore, play an important role in the general control of the China's MNCs. Also, China's MNCs have well-documented relationship definition between the structure of the firm ownership and that of its performance. Some organizations in China are family owned, institutionally owned or government owned. Institutional ownership of these business groups is the most common type in China. Again, the corporate governance of China is uniquely identified with significant institutional shareholdings through legal person shareholder or state person shareholder (Ionescu 2010). Also, Chinas government is defined with managerial incentive. This describes the compensation that the senior management and the board of directors receive remuneration. This is usually through salaries, bonuses, stock-based incentives among others. Again, like other MNCs in the advanced economies, those in China also have a clear legal system which plays a very critical role in the operation of the firm. This protects the investor in all ways. It includes the law enforced to support the organizations operation. They also have auditing system both internal auditors and the external auditors who play a vital role in helping to maintain the financial accountability and service standards of the MNCs. It is, therefore, clear that the corporate governance of MNCs in China is no difference from that of the advanced economies (Fan 2008, pp. 303-319). Conclusions In conclusion, corporate governance of the MNCs plays a big role in the success of these organizations. MNCs in advanced economies have mechanisms that help them operate in the business environment. They have characteristics and established methods related to the board of directors, senior management, their remuneration, ownership, audit system, financial management, legal issues handling and culture-based governance among others. All these work together for the successful business operation of the MNCs. China is also among the developed countries, and it is no exception from these governance systems. It has established management systems based on these principles. It is, therefore, clear that the administration of the MNCs have a critical role in their success and this shows that those are chosen to serve on the board of directors, senior management or other executives should be people competent and people of admirable conduct and personal values. References Albu, N., Durica, A., Grigore, N., Grigoras, D., Mateescu, R., Ichim, A., (2013). Corporate Governance in Romania. Perceptions and Perspectives, Academy of Economic Studies Bucharest Bjorkman, I., Budhwar, P., Smale, A. and Sumelius, J. (2008) Human resource management in foreign-owned subsidiaries: China versus India. International Journal of Human Resource Management 19 (5): pp 964978. Caldwell, C. and Xiong, J. (2010) Narrowing the gap Developing Chinese talent to operate on a global level. EuroBiz CIA (2008). "Appendix B. 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Exploring Management. John Wiley and Sons. pp.387. ISBN0-470-16964-8. Sun, William (2009), How to Govern Corporations, So They Serve the Public Good: A Theory of Corporate Governance Emergence, New York: Edwin Mellen, ISBN 978-0-7734-3863-7. Treanor, Jill (2009). "Rio Tinto confirms talks over Chinese cash William Neuman (2013). "Hundreds in Peru Balk at Relocation From Site of Mine." The New York Times. Wu, Zijing, Campbell, Matthew, Paton, James (2014). "Rio Tinto Rejected Takeover Approach From Glencore." Bloomberg News.