Diabetes Mellitus As A Chronic Metabolic Disorder Essay

Chapter - 23 Diabetes Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that prevents the body to utilise glucose completely or partially. It is characterised by raised glucose concentration in the blood and alterations in carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. This can be due to failure in the formation of insulin or liberation or action. Since insulin is produced by the p cells of the islets of Langerhans, any receding in the number of functioning cells will decrease the amount of insulin that can be synthesised. Many diabetics can produce sufficient insulin but some stimulus to the islets tissue is needed in order that secretion can take place. During the early stages of the disease, the Insulin Like Activity (ILA) of the blood is often increased, but most of this insulin appears to be bound to protein and is not available for transport across the cell membrane and action of the cell. Globally, as of 2010, an estimated 285 million people had diabetes, with type 2 making up about 90% of the cases. In 2011 it resulted in 1.4 million deaths worldwide making it the 8th leading cause of death. This is an increase from 1 million deaths in 2000. Its rate has increased, and by 2030, this number is estimated to almost double. Diabetes mellitus occurs throughout the world, but is more common (especially type 2) in more developed countries. The greatest increase in rates is, however, expected to occur in Asia and Africa, where most people with diabetes willShow MoreRelatedDiabetes Mellitus : A Serious Chronic Metabolic Disorder Associated With High Blood Sugar2086 Words   |  9 Pages Diabetes Mellitus MED 2056 Michela Leytham 12/7/2014 FT029 Jessica Ferreira Diabetes Mellitus is a serious chronic metabolic disorder associated with high blood sugar that affects the body’s ability to metabolize nutrients and use them as fuel. Normally the body uses carbohydrates and sugars that are eaten and breaks them down into a usable sugar in the body called glucose. Glucose has the ability to fuelRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus And The Long Term Complications1385 Words   |  6 Pagesgeneral idea of diabetes mellitus, epidemiology, role factors and complications that arise from it, comparing and exhibiting the distinctions between type I type II diabetes, the people who are in jeopardy of developing diabetic renal diseases and hypertension due to the complications identifying the general pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus the long term complications that may transpire. Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Mellitus is one of the very prevalent metabolic diseases thatRead MoreFactors Contributing Risk Factors For Diabetes Mellitus802 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is an endocrinal disease characterized by elevated blood glucose level, diagnosed by laboratory blood analysis with random glucose level 200mg/dL and fasting blood glucose of ≠¥126mg/dL.1 Risk factors The risk factors of T2DM are mainly attributed to the lifestyles and behavioral factors. Although the etiology cannot be pinpointed on a single cause it is proved that obesity, socioeconomic conditions and genetic factors increase the risk of T2DM. (Cite)Read MoreEssay on Diabetes898 Words   |  4 PagesDiabetes Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder that occurs when the body is unable to produce or respond to insulin, a hormone that allows blood glucose to enter the cells of the body and generate the bodys energy (Ebony, 115). Diabetes is a disease that affects approximately 3% of the world population. In American alone, 10.3 million people report having diabetes, while an estimated 10 million more individuals may have undiagnosed diabetes (Morwessel, 540). The gene for diabetes is locatedRead MoreInvestigating The Aetiology And Pathophysiology Of Renal Microvascular Complications1094 Words   |  5 Pages There have been a number of manuscripts reporting on the association of complications in type 2 diabetes with high glucose blood levels, high levels of C-Peptide, high advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and oxidative stress. In order to further investigate the aetiology and pathophysiology of renal microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes, papers were reviewed through 2000 using the NIH PubMed Literature Search System. Inclusion criteriaRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus ( Iddm )1369 Words   |  6 PagesDiabetes Mellitus In the pancreas, there are specialized cells that form small islands of cells, called islets of Langerhans, that are alpha cells and beta cells. In these endocrine cells, they release pancreatic hormones, such as insulin and glucagon that diffuse into the bloodstream to regulate glucose levels. Beta cells secretes insulin, which regulates carbohydrate, protein, fat metabolism and storage. On the other hand, alpha cells secrete glucagon, in which it breaks down stored sugar (glycogenolysis)Read MoreRenal Microvascular Complications Of Type 2 Diabetes Essay1105 Words   |  5 PagesMicrovascular Complications of Type 2 Diabetes: Aetiology and Pathogenesis Abstract There have been a number of manuscripts reporting on the association of complications in type 2 diabetes with high glucose blood levels, high levels of C-Peptide, high advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and oxidative stress. In order to further investigate the aetiology and pathophysiology of renal microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes, papers were reviewed throughRead MoreDiabetes : The Common Chronic Disorders1737 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION: Diabetes is one of the most common chronic disorders in UK [1]. According to Silverman, more than 2.6 million people in UK are diabetic as according to data collected from GP practices and more than 5 million obese people are registered to GP practices. So One in ten people are getting treatment for obesity and one in 20 are getting treatment for diabetes [2]. It is estimated that more than 5% men and more than 4% women in England are found to have diagnosed diabetes. While, 3% menRead MoreA Brief Note On Diabetes And Diabetes Mellitus1428 Words   |  6 Pages 1. Problems, Issues or Disease Progress of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes mellitus refers to a chronic human health condition characterized by prolonged high sugar level in the blood. A group of metabolic disorders like, seizures, lethargy, and jaundice among others, which occur when chemical reactions abnormally alter the normalcy of the body’s metabolic processes, causes this condition. Diabetes occurs mainly because of two issues; due to inadequate production of insulin by the pancreas, and dueRead MoreEssay on Chronic Renal Failure830 Words   |  4 Pagesfunctioning. One of these diseases is renal failure (kidney failure), a dangerous disorder. Stein (2002) defines renal failure as a condition in which the kidneys are less able than normal to do their usual function. There are two classes of kidney failure: acute renal failure (ARF) and chronic renal failure (CRF). This essay will focus on CRF and explain its two major causes. Chronic Renal Failure Chronic renal failure is progressive destruction of kidney tissue by disease; if not treated

Federalism Questions Free Essays

6AP US History Federalism Questions I. Answer the following questions as fully as possible. Use the Internet, The American Pageant, or other sources to find the answers. We will write a custom essay sample on Federalism Questions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Also please list your sources for each question. 1. What were the major weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation? The Articles of Confederation were replaced by the Constitution at the Constitutional Conference in May 1787. Members of the Conference saw to replace the Articles because it was weak. The articles did not effectively unify the nation with a central government. No centralized government would lead to conflicts within and between states. Also Constitution had direct taxation, which would be a source of money for the government. There was no strong foreign policy either. 2. What were some of the key elements of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787? The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was a very important law for the newly founded America. It gave all unclaimed land to the federal government. It allowed the government to establish territories, which could become states after the area achieves a population of 60,000. Territories could also establish governments when their population of free white men was 5,000. The law also made waterways like the Mississippi and St. Lawrence rivers free for travel for United States Citizens. Religious freedom, habeas corpus and bans on cruel and unusual punishment were established. The northern Territories were also declared free of slavery. 3. Why was Shay’s Rebellion such a dangerous situation for the new USA? Shay’s Rebellion, an uprising of central and western Massachusetts farmers, started because the government did not pass laws that would forgive debt and print more money. The farmers needed this because the area was experiencing an economic crisis. Daniel Shays, a former member of the Continental Army led the cause. The cause was dangerous because so many people supported them. Citizens saw the rebels as the same as those who rebelled in the Revolution. When the government squashed their movement, many people were discontented and other rebellions sprung up. 4. Why did the Constitution have a system of checks and balances? The Constitution had a system of checks and balances to keep the three branches in even power. If an unconstitutional law is being passed by congress the Judiciary Branch can stop it. The Judicial Branch can do the same for presidential acts. This would keep the power more evenly spread and allow more voices to be heard too. The checks could prevent dictatorial rule too. 5. Explain the 3/5 Compromise. How/why did this happen? The three-fifths Compromise was an agreement between the North and South met during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787. The law stated that three-fifths of the slave population would be counted for things such as how many House Representative a state would get and state tax distribution. The compromise was met because anti-slavery delegates wanted only free men to count, which would take power away from the South and pro-slavery delegates wanted every slave to count as a person. 6. Why did Alexander Hamilton welcome the Whiskey Rebellion? The Whiskey Rebellion was resilience against a tax on whiskey set forth by Alexander Hamilton. Hamilton established the tax to pay off the United States’ large debt. Small western farmers protested because the tax was more lenient on larger eastern distilleries. Soon, they rebelled and were quickly squashed by Washington’s newly formed administration. Hamilton welcomed the rebellion because he saw it as a test for the new government. The rebellion eventually also led to the formation of the Republican and Federalist Parties. 7. What was Alexander Hamilton’s view of the â€Å"masses† compared to Thomas Jefferson’s? 8. How did George Washington handle the issue of war between England and France? In 1792, after the French Revolution, the newly established French Republic went to war with almost all of Europe. Washington decided to remain neutral for the course of his term. This became hard because both countries begin seizing neutral trade ships and America was trying to maintain trade with both sides. 9. Why were the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions such a threat to the Federal Government? During John Adams’ Presidency, the Congress was almost all members of the Federalist Party. James Madison and Thomas Jefferson, who were trying to fight the Alien and Sedition Acts, could not influence Congress at all. They decided take their case to state legislatures and wrote resolutions to Kentucky and Virginia. The documents suggested that states had the power do declare laws unconstitutional, which was dangerous to the Federal Government. 10. Explain the XYZ affair. How did John Adams handle this event? The XYZ affair happened during John Adams’ service as president When Adams assumed his presidency, the French did not recognize him. Agents codenamed X, Y, and Z, demanded huge amounts of money for loans and bribery. Adams spoke to Congress and called for a navy which resulted in what is called the Quasi-War, an undeclared war that consisted of a few naval skirmishes in the Caribbean. The outcome of the war was that France would no longer attack U. S. trade vessels and United States neutrality. 11. How did the 2 party political system in American politics evolve? Sample AP questions. 12. â€Å"The Declaration of Independence issued a call for a democratic government of equal citizens that was rejected by the writers of the Constitution, who created an aristocratic government that benefited only the wealthy few. † Assess the validity of this statement. Issued on July 4, 1776 by the Constitutional Congress, the Declaration of Independence was a document that fervently called for equality for all citizens. On September 17, 1787, the Constitution was declared as the supreme law of the United States. The statement, â€Å"The Declaration of Independence issued a call for a democratic government of equal citizens that was rejected by the writers of the Constitution, who created an aristocratic government that benefited only the wealthy few,† is invalid because while the Constitution made for a more powerful federal government, officials were elected by the people, those officials’ terms were all terminal, and checks and balances were put into place. In the United States, all officials are elected by the citizen. Members of the government like the President, Congressmen, Representatives, Judges, Sheriffs, and City Officials are all decided by people in the community that they concern. Even though power is put onto a single person at some times, that individual was decided on by the people. While some officials like Supreme Court Judges and Cabinet Members are not decided by the people, they re decided by the President, who is elected by the people. The government officers who are elected by the masses, all serve for finite terms. For example, Presidents serve four years until going up for re-election. At the time, there was no limit to how many terms a President can serve, but the people would decide that limit with their votes. Members of Congress, the House of Representatives and city officials all serve for various amounts of time before being put up to be re-elected. This means that new ideas and values can flow throughout the government and a dictatorial rule is impossible. The United States Government also has checks and balances to keep all three branches within equal power. The Legislative Branch has the power to impeach the President, approve federal Judges, and declare war, while the Executive Branch has the power to veto bills, appoint Supreme Court Judges, and the President is the Commander in Chief of the Military. The Judicial Branch can have Judicial review on both the Legislative and Executive Branches. These help evenly distribute the power more throughout government and keep one branch from taking too much control. With its election of officials by the people, finite serving terms for government officers, and checks and balances, the U. S. government established by the Constitution is far from an aristocracy. How to cite Federalism Questions, Essay examples

Corporate Governance of the MNCs in Advanced Economies-Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Governance of the MNCs in Advanced Economies. Answer: Introduction MNC stands for multinational corporations. These are corporate organizations that own and control of production or operate in at least one country which is not the home country. Corporate governance defines the way in which these business enterprises are controlled or directed. It divides and clearly brings out the rights, responsibilities, and mandates held by different people in the company such as the terms of the board of directors, the managers, those of shareholders and other stakeholders. It also covers the procedures that are to be taken in the process of decision making on the affairs of the corporation (Kay 2015). Corporate governance structures play a significant role in motivating the manager to increase the value of the firm instead of focusing on the personal ambitions and therefore ensure that the people in the lower positions in the structure can be able to get correct and reliable information (Pablos Lytras 2008, pp 48-55). Good corporate governance should ensure work to make sure that there is an alignment between the interests of the managers in the top positions and those of the stakeholders. This is well explained in the agency theory which tries to solve problems that arise due to unaligned objectives between the managers, shareholders, and entrepreneurs. This approach tries to address tries to solve two main problems; firstly, it attempts to resolve the problem that occurs in the case of conflicting interests and goals between the principal and the agent. Secondly, it also addresses the issue of sharing the risks that arise when the principal and the agent are having conflicting attitudes towards the risk. The theory is, therefore, important in handling the concept of corporate governance (Moebert et al., 2007). Corporate Governance systems in MNCs Corporate governance in the MNCs can view from a broad perspective to be of two types. Firstly, the management by the board of directors, control on business ownership team of the organization, all on the internal side of the body. They have a lot of direct control on the individual business enterprise's profitability. They, therefore, need to be competent, result oriented and people of excellent values. The external governance of the organization is influenced by the patents, policies, and regulations of the country of operation, the foreign market among other influences. Both types of governance of the MNCs should not be overlooked since they have a significant impact on the functioning of these organizations (Edwards 2011, pp. 267290). Various approaches exist to handle the corporate governance in the MNCs. Firstly, MNCs employ two related corporate governance tiers. Firstly, they apply the parent level corporate management which controls and defines the way rights, mandates and responsibilities of the parent company are shared across (Sun 2009). Secondly, they have the subsidiary level corporate governance which defines how other subordinate companies have their board of directors and other shareholders, but at the end, they are work in integration with the parent company. Subsidiary governance will have their branch companies run and managed as if they are independent of the parent company, but at the end, they are connected in as much as they may not be fully owned by the MNC (Albu 2013). Corporate governance together with managerial governance forms the organizational management. Corporate governance is in charge of control of the companys affairs while managerial governance is concerned with the internal processes, decisions, and the business activities. Both types of organizational management are critical for the operation of the business enterprise, and they all work together in the realization of the company's goals and objectives. MNCs also employ these types of organizational governance (Ghita 2008). Corporate governance of MNCs has many aspects that differentiate them from the corporate governance of the domestic firms. These elements include MNCs having more demanding shareholders across the globe, their governance structures being complex, employment of multi-tier management systems among other aspects. Therefore, corporate governance of MNCs is much more complex than that of the domestic firms due to the complex management systems involved (Crawford 2007). The people participating in the governance of these companies, therefore, need to be competent, hardworking, of high integrity, ability to establish a good relationship with others and should generally be people of excellent personal values. Advanced Economies An advanced economy is a term used to describe developed countries. It refers to the countries that have advanced technologically, infrastructure and the general life of people. This is mostly determined by the gross domestic product (GDP), the per capita income, gross national product (GNP), infrastructure, industrialization level and the general peoples living standards CIA (2008). It is also true that in determining the advanced economies, there does not exist any numerical count or convention that is set for establishing the advanced economies but rather is based on whether the country is developed or not. These estimations may not be accurate in some cases. Given the fact that corporate governance of the MNCs in the advanced economies has a significant influence on the sustainability and profitability of these firms, they have tried to put in place systems that are well structured and organized for their smooth operation. Characteristics of Corporate Governance of MNCs in Advanced Economies Corporate governance of MNCs in advanced economies is characterized by execution of many instruments and mechanisms to survive in the changing needs of the globe and the differences and issues that arise from the cross-country operations. This governance is developed with some strategies that suit the environment. The policies have also helped the MNCs to have some set of standards that are useful for their operation in those countries (Clarke 2007). Firstly, the board composition for MNCs in advanced economies is made up of both inside and outside directors. The board of trustees plays the critical role in the success of the business enterprise since they are the key drivers of the organization. The inside directors play a part in the decision-making process, and they can access information. Outside directors have more powers than the inside ones. They are final decision makers and them in charge of evaluating the strategic directions and the management behaviors. For this reason, the MNCs, therefore, choose the board of directors who are competent, good personality and with the high commitment among other good virtues (Mingst 2014). Corporate Governance of MNCs in Advanced Economies is also characterized by market discipline. This occurs when a given firm's management fails, poor performance or failure of the internal controls, the company is then made open for corporate control. Poorly performing companies are subject to being taken over by some other company which is much more powerful. The powerful company is willing to take over this poor performing company. This is cost effective since the company will easily get the assets required in the country it wishes to operate. This, therefore, shows that the corporate governance of MNCs must have market discipline since other world companies are watching it (William 2013). Failure to observe market discipline will directly impact the firms operation negatively, and their operation in the market may become extinct. MNCs are therefore judged with the responsibility of maintaining market discipline. The board chairmanship also categorizes the corporate governance system for MNCs. This refers to whether the operating CEO of the firm is working as the chairperson the board of directors. The case where the operating CEO can work as the board chairman, time reduces accountability and reduces the proper functioning of the board. It is also evident that when MNCs in advanced economies expand, they require chairperson for the smooth operation because their operation becomes more complicated (Eun et al. 2013). Chairmanship greatly helps in the coordination and smooth operation of the firm. This is important since smooth management of the MNCs gives the firm a good competitive advantage and therefore significantly impacts on the profitability and sustainability of these organizations. Regarding the board size, the MNCs are characterized with either too small board size or too large one. Small-sized is seen to be easily convinced by their CEO. They also have the shortage of expertise. On the other hand, the large board might be having the required knowledge, but in most cases, they suffer from conflicts in the group (William, 2013). An agreed compensation also characterizes the MNCs in advanced economies through all countries of operation. The compensation is directly related to the responsibilities they hold in the organization. They also receive incentives for their performance (Wu 2017). The MNCs are also seen to operate with independent auditors handling the affairs of the organization. This is mostly through governance based on discipline. The independent auditors are usually both internal and external. They work to evaluate the integrity of the financial reports and identify misconduct in the financial statements. These identified faults are punishable. External auditors are appointed by the shareholders but not the management. The audit team, therefore, plays an important role in the operation of the MNCs in these advanced economies and in general (Doob 2013). Culture-based governance is also observed as a characteristic for these MNCs. The management culture defines the way the firm is governed by company visions, core values, mission, slogans among others; the corporate integrity defines the normal moral standards in the organization. It also entails the determination of the ethical climate of the firm. It is, therefore, the role of the board and other key executives to ensure that culture-based governance is well taken care of in the MNCs (Mingst 2014, pp. 310). This plays a crucial role in the profitability and sustainability of the organization. The MNCs also have ways of handling misconducts. They have established systems of punishing those who does not abide by the firm's rules and expectations. This could arise from poor handling of the company's assets, failure to adhere to the expected code of conducts among others. In the event of such misconduct, the MNCs are characterized by the application of methods such as demotions, salary freezing or reduction, the imposition of fines, dismissals among others. These established methods to handle misconducts make people abide by the organization's expectations and therefore reduced occurrences of illegal behaviors (Schermerhorn 2009, pp. 387). Comparison of CG Systems in China with Advanced Economies China is among the countries with high investment in foreign countries (high OFDI). This has, therefore, made the MNCs have a lot of interest in making the branch firms in those countries to align with those of the headquarters. Corporate governance with better control helps organizations to improve their profitability, organization's sustainability, increased competitive advantage and the general corporate performance. The corporate governance system of MNCs in China is not different from that of the other advanced economies (Caldwell Xiong 2010). China's corporate governance can be categorized into two types. These are the external management and that of the organization's internal management. The firms internal governance is made up of the board of directors controls, the ownership and monitoring and that of the managerial team. This usually has effects on the profitability of the firm especially in the individual countries of operation (Treanor 2009). On the other hand, the external governance of the MNCs in China entails the issues coming from the outside market, and the policies, rules, and regulations of the government. Both of these types of corporate governance are critical for MNCs, and they always apply them appropriately for their better operation and performance (Bjorkman et al. 2008, pp 964-978). Like other MNCs in advanced economies, the China's MNCs are also characterized by the board of directors who are well documented. The board judged by the main responsibility of reducing the costs that arise from a distance between the ownership and the decision control of the firm. They, therefore, play an important role in the general control of the China's MNCs. Also, China's MNCs have well-documented relationship definition between the structure of the firm ownership and that of its performance. Some organizations in China are family owned, institutionally owned or government owned. Institutional ownership of these business groups is the most common type in China. Again, the corporate governance of China is uniquely identified with significant institutional shareholdings through legal person shareholder or state person shareholder (Ionescu 2010). Also, Chinas government is defined with managerial incentive. This describes the compensation that the senior management and the board of directors receive remuneration. This is usually through salaries, bonuses, stock-based incentives among others. Again, like other MNCs in the advanced economies, those in China also have a clear legal system which plays a very critical role in the operation of the firm. This protects the investor in all ways. It includes the law enforced to support the organizations operation. They also have auditing system both internal auditors and the external auditors who play a vital role in helping to maintain the financial accountability and service standards of the MNCs. It is, therefore, clear that the corporate governance of MNCs in China is no difference from that of the advanced economies (Fan 2008, pp. 303-319). Conclusions In conclusion, corporate governance of the MNCs plays a big role in the success of these organizations. MNCs in advanced economies have mechanisms that help them operate in the business environment. They have characteristics and established methods related to the board of directors, senior management, their remuneration, ownership, audit system, financial management, legal issues handling and culture-based governance among others. All these work together for the successful business operation of the MNCs. China is also among the developed countries, and it is no exception from these governance systems. It has established management systems based on these principles. It is, therefore, clear that the administration of the MNCs have a critical role in their success and this shows that those are chosen to serve on the board of directors, senior management or other executives should be people competent and people of admirable conduct and personal values. References Albu, N., Durica, A., Grigore, N., Grigoras, D., Mateescu, R., Ichim, A., (2013). Corporate Governance in Romania. Perceptions and Perspectives, Academy of Economic Studies Bucharest Bjorkman, I., Budhwar, P., Smale, A. and Sumelius, J. (2008) Human resource management in foreign-owned subsidiaries: China versus India. International Journal of Human Resource Management 19 (5): pp 964978. Caldwell, C. and Xiong, J. (2010) Narrowing the gap Developing Chinese talent to operate on a global level. EuroBiz CIA (2008). "Appendix B. International Organizations and Groups.". https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/appendix/appendix-b.html World Factbook.Retrieved on April 18, 2017 Clarke, Thomas (2007) "International Corporate Governance London and New York: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-32309-6 Crawford, C. J. (2007). Compliance Conviction: the evolution of enlightened corporate governance. Santa Clara, Calif: XCEO. ISBN 0-9769019-1-9 ISBN 978-0-9769019-1-4 De Pablos, P.O. and Lytras, M.D. (2008) Competencies and human resource management: Implications for organizational competitive advantage. Journal of Knowledge Management 12 pp 4855. Doob, Christopher M. (2013). Social Inequality and Social Stratification in US Society. Pearson Education Inc. Edwards, T. (2011) The transfer of employment practices across borders in multinational companies. In: A. Harding and A.H. Pennington (eds.) International Human Resource Management. London: Sage, pp. 267290. Eun, Cheol S., Resnick, Bruce G. (2013). International Financial Management,6th Edition. Beijing Chengxin Weiye Printing Inc. Fan, Y. (2008) "Country of origin, branding strategy and internationalisation: the case of Chinese piano companies," Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, pp. 303-319, available at https://www.fenamsourcing.com/country-of-origin-branding-strategy-and-internationalisation-the-case-of-chinese-piano-companies/ Ghita, M., (2008). Corporate Governance, Bucuresti, Economic Publishing Ionescu, A., (2010). Corporate governance in developed economies Kay, John (2015), 'Shareholders think they own the company they are wrong,' The Financial Times Mingst, Karen A. (2014). Essentials of international relations. W. W. Norton Company. pp.310 Mingst, Karen A. (2014). Essentials of international relations. W. W. Norton Company. pp.310 Robert, Jochen, and Tydecks, Patrick (2007). Power and Ownership Structures among German Companies. A Network Analysis of Financial Linkages Schermerhorn, John R. (2009). Exploring Management. John Wiley and Sons. pp.387. ISBN0-470-16964-8. Sun, William (2009), How to Govern Corporations, So They Serve the Public Good: A Theory of Corporate Governance Emergence, New York: Edwin Mellen, ISBN 978-0-7734-3863-7. Treanor, Jill (2009). "Rio Tinto confirms talks over Chinese cash William Neuman (2013). "Hundreds in Peru Balk at Relocation From Site of Mine." The New York Times. Wu, Zijing, Campbell, Matthew, Paton, James (2014). "Rio Tinto Rejected Takeover Approach From Glencore." Bloomberg News.

Stress Management Skills free essay sample

Teenagers, Ilke adults, may experience stress everyday and can benefit from learning stress management skills. Most teens experience more stress when they perceive a situation as dangerous, difficult, or painful and they do not have the resources to cope. Some common external causes of stress for teens might include: School demands and frustrations . Negative thoughts and feelings about themselves changes In their bodies. Problems with friends and/or peers at school. Unsafe living environment/neighborhood . Separation or divorce of parents _ Chronic illness or severe problems in the family . Death of a loved one . Moving or changing schools. Taking on too many activities or having too high expectations . Family financial problems. Some common internal causes of stress for teen might include : Chronic worry. Pessimism. Negative self talk. unrealistic expectations/Perfectionism. Rigid thinking, lack of flexibility. All-or-nothing attitude. Some teens become overloaded with stress. When it happens, inadequately managed stress can lead to anxiety, withdrawal, aggression, physical Illness, or poor coping kills such as drug and/or alcohol use. We will write a custom essay sample on Stress Management Skills or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When we perceive a situation as difficult or painful, changes occur in our minds and bodies to prepare us to respond to danger. This fight, fight. or freeze response includes faster heart and breathing rate. increased blood to muscles of arms and legs, cold or clammy hands and feet, upset stomach and/or a sense of dread. The same mechanism that turns on the stress response can turn it off. As soon as we decide that a situation is no longer dangerous, changes can occur in our minds and bodies to help us relax and calm down. This relaxation response includes decreased heart and breathing rate and a sense of well being. Teens that develop a relaxation response and other stress management skills feel less helpless and have more choices when responding to stress. What are the signs of stress? When people are under stress, they may feel: Emotional signs : Worried Irritable Depressed Unable to focus physical signs : Headaches Back pain Problems sleeping Upset stomach Weight gain or loss Tense muscles Frequent or more serious colds Behavior sign : Eating more or less. Sleeping too much or too little. Isolating yourself from others. Procrastinating or neglecting responsibilities. Using alcohol, cigarettes, or drugs to relax. Nervous habits (e. g. nail biting, pacing). Cognitive Sign : Memory problems. Inability to concentrate. Poor Judgment. Seeing only the negative. Anxious or racing thoughts. Constant worrying. Parents can help their teen in these ways: Monitor if stress is affecting their teens health, behavior, thoughts, or feelings . Listen carefully to teens and watch for overloading. Learn and model stress management skills . Support involvement in sports and other pro-social activities . Be like a friend, not a parent. Try to understand them Become nostalgic Give them courage that they can handle things like an expert Teens can decrease stress with the following behaviors and techniques: Exercise and eat regularly . Avoid excess caffeine intake which can increase feelings of anxiety and agitation. Avoid illegal drugs, alcohol and tobacco . Learn relaxation exercises (abdominal breathing and muscle relaxation techniques) . Develop assertiveness training skills. For example, state feelings in polite firm and ot overly aggressive or passive ways: (l feel angry when you yell at me Please stop yelling. ). Rehearse and practice situations which cause stress. One example is taking a speech class if talking in front ofa class makes you anxious. Learn practical Decrease negative self talk: challenge negative thoughts about yourself with alternative neutral or positive thoughts. My life will never get better can be transformed into l may feel hopeless now, but my life will probably get better if I work at it and get some help . Learn to feel good about doing a competent or good nough Job rather than demanding perfection from yourself and others . Take a break from stressful situations. Activities like listening to music,talking to a friend, drawing, writing, or spending time with a pet can reduce stress . Build a network of friends who help you cope in a positive way. By using these and other techniques, teenagers can begin to manage stress. If a teen talks about or shows signs of being overly stressed, a consultation with a child and adolescent psychiatrist or qualified mental health professional may be helpful. Referrence : 1 . http://www. aacap. rg/App_Themes/AACAP/docs/facts_for_families/ 66_helping_teenagers_with_stress. pdf 2. http://www. wikihow. com/Help-Your- Teenage-Daughter-Manage-Stress 3. http://healthfInder. goWHealthTopics/Category/ health-conditions-and-diseases/heart-health/manage-stress#the-basics 4. http:// www. helpguide. org/mental/stress_signs. htm conclusion : in modern life these challenging times, stress has become a part of the process of life . Remember that we are not poor because of human experience stress , but we stress that we are only human. Therefore, do not mix up all the relevant issues, and opelessness have thoughts are negative, such as No other people who suffer from stress as I am . Avoid having blame themselves or do things that are not as good as suicidal as it is an act of vanity . We can not let stress control ourself because its implications are very large and the dispatcher are typically in excessive stress cannot control themselves . Though not able to control the things that cause stress to our situation all the time , we still can control how you would react to it. Stress is also a test from God , and all people will not miss the test . By reading the Quran , and complain of problems we face pressure to Allah , and ask that He facilitated all of our dealings . It also helps to calm ourselves and perceive every problem or stress that we face is certainly have a solution. Therefore, Treat stress wisely to live more relaxed and all the day to day running smoothly. Table of Contents Causes of stress 1 External causes of stress Internal causes of stress Sign of stress 2 Emotional , physical , behavior, cognitive sign of stress Manage a stress 3 stress †

3 Expert Tips for the Boston University Supplement Essays

3 Expert Tips for the Boston University Supplement Essays SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re applying to Boston University this year, you’ll have to respond to at least two Boston University essay prompts. In this article, we’ll cover what the Boston University essay prompts are, how to answer them, and provide key tips for writing the best application essays possible. What Are the Boston University Essays? Boston University requires its applicants to respond to at least two Boston University essays as part of its admissions requirements. You may also have to respond to a third, additional essay, depending on what school or program you’re applying to. Boston University uses the Common Application for admission, so the Boston University essays are all submitted through the Common App’s platform. The essays are an important part of your application - they give you a chance to show the admissions committee a different side of your personality than what they see in the rest of your application. The Boston University essays also give you a chance to wow the admissions committee with your creativity and writing skills, so it’s important to put a lot of effort into your essays to make them as strong as possible. Boston University Essay Prompts and Requirements There are a number of different Boston University essay prompts, depending on what program you are applying to and whether or not you decide to apply for a scholarship. All students must answer the â€Å"Why Boston University† essay and can submit extra work as part of the â€Å"Extra Space† prompt. Applicants to the Accelerated Program in Liberal Arts and Medicine, Kilachand Honors College, and the Trustees Scholarships must also answer additional essays, each with their own word count and requirements. Let’s take a look at each of the prompts: "Why Boston University": What about being a student at Boston University most excites you? (250 words) "Extra Space" prompt: Please use this space if you have additional information, materials, or writing samples you would like us to consider. (2000 KB PDF file) For Accelerated Program in Liberal Arts and Medicine applicants: The Accelerated Programs Admission Committee is interested in learning more about you. Please write an essay on why you wish to enter the health professions, including what experiences have led you to this decision and what you hope to gain from your chosen profession. Please make sure your essay is completely distinct from the one you submitted on the Common Application. (750 words) For Kilachand Honors College applicants: Kilachand Honors College offers a challenging liberal arts education grounded in critical and creative thinking and interdisciplinary problem-solving. What do you think this approach means? Reflect on what has been missing in your education to date, giving at least one concrete example to support your response. How would Kilachand’s interdisciplinary curriculum fulfill your academic, creative, intellectual, and/or professional goals? (600 words) For Trustees Scholarship applicants: Please select one of the questions below and respond with an essay explaining your perspective. (600 words) Option A: The list of works banned throughout history is long and sometimes surprising. Examples include the Bible, King Lear, The Origin of Species, Mein Kampf, Lolita, The Diary of Anne Frank, and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Isaac Asimov wrote: â€Å"Any book worth banning is a book worth reading.† Do you agree? Is such censorship ever justified? If so, who or what should determine which books are read and which are forbidden? Option B: Economists describe a â€Å"moral hazard† as individuals’ tendency to take greater risks when they believe that they will not bear the full cost of their actions. Some may be less careful driving, for instance, if they know that their insurance provider will cover potential accidents, while the uninsured will drive with more caution. A recent study similarly suggests a correlation between greater access to Narcan, the drug used to reverse potentially fatal opioid overdoses, and a rise in the use of opioids. In your opinion, should the concept of moral hazard affect public policy? If so, what are the relevant factors policymakers should consider in assessing questions of public safety and individual responsibility? Option C: â€Å"The perfect search engine,† Google’s co-founder Sergey Brin has said, â€Å"would be like the mind of God.† In your opinion, will science and technology eventually allow us to know all things knowable? Are there limits to what the perfect search engine will reveal, or might it indeed become like the mind of God? For all Trustees Scholarship applicants: Please submit a short essay to the following statement: â€Å"Something that’s not on the resume.† Give us a glimpse of a passion, dream, or mental pursuit that absorbs and delights you. (300 words) Boston University Essay Prompts, Analyzed Let’s take a look at each of the Boston University essay prompts. In this section, we’ll break down what each prompt is asking, how you should answer, what kind of topics will work to answer the prompt, and what you should avoid talking about. What about being a student at Boston University most excites you? (250 words) The first Boston University Supplement Essay prompt is a classic â€Å"Why this school† essay prompt. These types of essays ask you to demonstrate to the admissions committee why this school is the one for you. Your answer should be Boston University-specific. You should do your research on Boston University to be able to name specific classes, programs, or professors that excite you. Your essay should focus on why you want to attend Boston University - not why you want to attend college in general. Don’t speak generically - Boston University knows that it has great academics and interesting classes. You need to name specific parts of the school that are attractive to you as a student. Maybe you’re interested in film and television and want to be part of BUTV10, or perhaps you want to work on a Senior Design Project in College of Engineering. Whatever your reason, make it specific to BU - something that you can’t get at any other college or university. For more information on how to answer this essay prompt, visit our article on the subject! (Coming soon) Please use this space if you have additional information, materials, or writing samples you would like us to consider. (2000 KB PDF file) The second Boston University supplement essay prompt may seem intimidating - what should you upload? You should use this essay prompt as a chance to a.) demonstrate the quality of your work and/or b.) present yourself as a well-rounded person. If, for instance, you are the first chair in your high school’s wind symphony, you might want to upload a MP3 file of your playing. Boston University will have lots of students applying who are musicians - sending in a file of yourself playing can demonstrate the quality of your musicianship. On the other hand, if you’ve been playing in a punk band with some friends for fun for five years but didn’t mention it elsewhere on your application, this essay prompt gives you the perfect opportunity to present another aspect of your personality. Whatever you choose to upload, make sure that it is high quality and well put-together. Submitting something that’s confusing or sloppy can give the admissions committee the wrong impression, so if you don’t have anything that stands out as something you’d want to submit, you could skip this question altogether. For Accelerated Program in Liberal Arts and Medicine applicants: The Accelerated Programs Admission Committee is interested in learning more about you. Please write an essay on why you wish to enter the health professions, including what experiences have led you to this decision and what you hope to gain from your chosen profession. Please make sure your essay is completely distinct from the one you submitted on the Common Application. (750 words) This prompt is only for students who are applying to the Accelerated Program in Liberal Arts and Medicine. This Boston University Supplement Essay prompt is a pretty standard example of a health professional admissions essay, but the long word count is tricky. You want to be specific and passionate, not redundant and long-winded. You can break your essay down into two main parts: why you decided to enter the health professions and what you hope to gain from doing so. When you talk about why you decided to enter the health professions, be sure to highlight any specific experiences that influenced your decision. Don’t speak in generalizations or platitudes - call out real experiences that made you decide to apply. Don’t, for instance, say that you want to change the world through medicine, unless you can back it up with a solid explanation of why. Discussing what you hope to gain from the profession is an opportunity to hammer home why Boston University is such an important part of your education. Talk about what you hope to achieve in your career and how Boston University can help you get there. For Kilachand Honors College applicants: Kilachand Honors College offers a challenging liberal arts education grounded in critical and creative thinking and interdisciplinary problem-solving. What do you think this approach means? Reflect on what has been missing in your education to date, giving at least one concrete example to support your response. How would Kilachand’s interdisciplinary curriculum fulfill your academic, creative, intellectual, and/or professional goals? (600 words) Students who are applying to Boston University’s Kilachand Honors College must answer an additional 600 word prompt. This Boston University supplement essay prompt is all about academics - what interests you and how Boston University can help you fulfill your goals. The Kilachand Honors College is a living and learning community where you have the opportunity to participate in experiential learning activities, so it’s a good idea to highlight how practical application and real-world experience is important to you in this essay. The key to this prompt is to be specific. You don’t need to talk about all of your academic interests here - in fact, it’s probably better to just discuss one or two that are really important to you. Whatever interest you choose to write about, you should make sure that you highlight how you would continue to explore that interest at Boston University. For Trustees Scholarship applicants: Please select one of the questions below and respond with an essay explaining your perspective. (600 words) Option A: The list of works banned throughout history is long and sometimes surprising. Examples include the Bible, King Lear, The Origin of Species, Mein Kampf, Lolita, The Diary of Anne Frank, and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Isaac Asimov wrote: â€Å"Any book worth banning is a book worth reading.† Do you agree? Is such censorship ever justified? If so, who or what should determine which books are read and which are forbidden? Option B: Economists describe a â€Å"moral hazard† as individuals’ tendency to take greater risks when they believe that they will not bear the full cost of their actions. Some may be less careful driving, for instance, if they know that their insurance provider will cover potential accidents, while the uninsured will drive with more caution. A recent study similarly suggests a correlation between greater access to Narcan, the drug used to reverse potentially fatal opioid overdoses, and a rise in the use of opioids. In your opinion, should the concept of moral hazard affect public policy? If so, what are the relevant factors policymakers should consider in assessing questions of public safety and individual responsibility? Option C: â€Å"The perfect search engine,† Google’s co-founder Sergey Brin has said, â€Å"would be like the mind of God.† In your opinion, will science and technology eventually allow us to know all things knowable? Are there limits to what the perfect search engine will reveal, or might it indeed become like the mind of God? Please submit a short essay to the following statement: â€Å"Something that’s not on the resume.† Give us a glimpse of a passion, dream, or mental pursuit that absorbs and delights you. (300 words) Students who are applying for the Boston University Trustees Scholarships must answer not one, but two, additional essays. The first essay is 600 words and the second is 300 words. The longer Trustees Scholarship prompt asks you to pick between three questions to answer. The three options are all fairly academic, focusing on banned books, moral responsibility, and search engines. Which prompt you pick doesn’t matter nearly as much as how you answer it. Your answer should have a strong, persuasive argument with specific reasons as evidence. The final prompt gives you the opportunity to talk about non-academic interests. This essay is the place to talk about your passion for handcrafting popup cards or your delight in finishing the NY Times crossword puzzle every day. You can pick something seemingly trivial - go with whatever makes you happy! Key Tips for Writing an Amazing Boston University Supplement Essay Ready to write an amazing Boston University supplement essay? Follow these key tips to do so! #1: Use Your Own Voice The point of a college essay is for the admissions committee to have the chance to get to know you beyond your test scores, grades, and honors. Your admissions essays are your opportunity to make yourself come alive for the essay readers and to present yourself as a fully fleshed out person. You should, then, make sure that the person you’re presenting in your college essays is yourself. Don’t try to emulate what you think the committee wants to hear or try to act like someone you’re not. If you lie or exaggerate, your essay will come across as insincere, which will diminish its effectiveness. Stick to telling real stories about the person you really are, not who you think Boston University wants you to be. #2: Avoid Cliches and Overused Phrases When writing your Boston University essays, try to avoid using cliches or overused quotes or phrases. These include quotations that have been quoted to death and phrases or idioms that are overused in daily life. The college admissions committee has probably seen numerous essays that state, â€Å"Be the change you want to see in the world.† Strive for originality. Similarly, avoid using cliches, which take away from the strength and sincerity of your work. Boston University’s admissions committee will see hundreds, if not thousands, of essays that talk about how much the applicant loves Boston. Saying that you want to study in the world’s greatest college town is trite and overdone. If you are excited about going to school in Boston, make sure that you have a really specific reason that also ties to Boston University’s opportunities. #3: Check Your Work It should almost go without saying, but make sure your Boston University essays are the strongest example of your work possible. Before you turn in your Boston University application, make sure to edit and proofread your essays. Your work should be free of spelling and grammar errors. Make sure to run your essays through a spelling and grammar check before you submit. It’s a good idea to have someone else read your Boston University essays, too. You can seek a second opinion on your work from a parent, teacher, or friend. Ask them whether your work represents you as a student and person. Have them check and make sure you haven’t missed any small writing errors. Having a second opinion will help your work be the best it possibly can be. Final Thoughts Regardless of which program you're applying to at Boston University, you want to make sure that your Boston University essays are a great example of who you are as a student and a person and why Boston University should accept you. Your essay should: Be personal Be specific Be free of spelling and grammar errors Your essay should not: Be generic Be focused on Boston, not Boston University The more effort you put into your essays, thebetter chance you have of getting accepted to Boston University! What’s Next? Do you want to learn more about the Why Boston essay? We created an in-depth guide to help you ace this essay. Check it out here! Starting your essay is often the hardest part.If you're unsure where to begin, check out this guide tostarting a college essay perfectly, so you're ready to ace that introduction! A good essay is just one part of a successful Boston Universityapplication. If you want to really wow the admissions office, be sure yourgrades and test scoresare up to snuff, too! Want to write the perfect college application essay? Get professional help from PrepScholar. Your dedicated PrepScholar Admissions counselor will craft your perfect college essay, from the ground up. We'll learn your background and interests, brainstorm essay topics, and walk you through the essay drafting process, step-by-step. At the end, you'll have a unique essay that you'll proudly submit to your top choice colleges. Don't leave your college application to chance. Find out more about PrepScholar Admissions now:

What Is NCAA Division 1

What Is NCAA Division 1 SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The NCAA, the major governing body for intercollegiate sports, divides its member institutions by divisions. Division I colleges tend to be the largest, have the biggest athletic department budgets, and have the highest level of athletic talent. Most of the prestigious college sporting events you see on television, from bowl games to March Madness, are competitions between Division I schools. In this article, I will thoroughly explain what makes NCAA Division 1 unique and provide you with facts about Division I colleges. What Is the NCAA? The National Collegiate Athletic Association, or NCAA, is the major governing body for intercollegiate sports. There is a much smaller governing body for intercollegiate sports with far fewer member institutions known as the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics, or NAIA. Also, the governing body for sports at 2-year colleges is the National Junior College Athletics Association, or NJCAA. The role of the NCAA is to oversee championships and establish and enforce rules for its member institutions. Why Are There NCAA Divisions? The purpose of NCAA divisions is to create parity and a more level playing field in intercollegiate sports. Also, the existence of NCAA divisions gives smaller schools with fewer resources the opportunity to compete for championships. What Makes Division 1Unique? NCAA Division 1is known for having the highest level of competition and the best athletes in all of the NCAA divisions. Generally, Division I schools have the biggest student bodies, the largest athletic department budgets, and the most athletic scholarships for their student-athletes. In NCAA Division I, there are almost 350 schools that have more than 6,000 teams. More than 170,000 student-athletes participate in Division I sports. All of the major sports conferences, including the SEC, Big Ten, Pac-12, and ACC, are composed of Division I schools. Division 1Football Division I football is further divided into FBS (Football Bowl Subdivision) and FCS (Football Championship Subdivision) schools. FBS FBS colleges compete for the chance to participate in bowl games. You may have heard of famous bowl games like The Rose Bowl, The Fiesta Bowl, or The Cotton Bowl. Those are all football games between FBS schools. The FBS is the highest level of collegiate football and there is a tremendous amount of money in it. The highest paid FBS coaches make $7 million annually and Forbes valued the University of Texas-Austin football team at $131 million. FCS FCS is the next highest level of collegiate football after FBS. FCS schools compete for a chance to participate in an NCAA-run playoff instead of bowl games. Compared to the FBS, there is much less money and lower attendance at games in the FCS. In 2014, the average attendance for an FBS home game was 44,190, and the average attendance for an FCS home game was 7,666. Division 1Rules The NCAA sets rules for Division I schools to ensure competitive balance and gender equity. Division I schools have to sponsor at least 7 sports for men and 7 sports for women (or 6 for men and 8 for women). Each playing season (fall, winter, and spring) has to be represented by each gender. For sports other than football and basketball, Division I schools must play 100 percent of the minimum number of contests against Division I opponents. Anything over the minimum number of games has to be 50 percent against Division I foes. Men’s and women’s basketball teams have to play all but two games against Division I teams. Men’s basketball teams must play ⅓ of their games in their home arenas. Division I schools must meet minimum financial aid awards for their athletics program, and there are maximum financial aid awards for each sport that a Division I school can’t exceed. FBS Rules FBS teams have to meet minimum attendance requirements. They have to average 15,000 people in actual or paid attendance per home game. If a team can't average 15,000 people, it probably can't compete with the typical FBS team that averages over 44,000. Attendance requirements must be met once in a rolling two-year period. Unlike in the FBS, FCS teams don't need to meet attendance requirements. Types of Schools in Division1 There are public and private colleges in Division I. Examples of Division I public schools include Penn State University, UC Berkeley, the University of Virginia, and the University of Missouri. Examples of Division I private schools include Northwestern, Duke, Stanford, and all of the Ivy League schools. However, Ivy League schools are unique because they're the only Division I schools that don't offer athletic scholarships. There are Division I schools in every state except Alaska. Division 1Facts On average, only 6% of the student bodies at Division I schools participate in NCAA sports. The average enrollment at Division I schools is 12,900. 53% of all student-athletes at Division I colleges receive some level of athletic financial aid. In 2010, the NCAA signed an agreement with CBS and Turner Broadcasting to present the NCAA men's basketball championship for 14 years (from 2011-2024). The deal was for more than $10.8 billion. What's Next? If you aspire to participate in college sports, make sure you know about the college athletic recruiting process. Learn the SAT and ACT scores you need to be eligible to compete in the NCAA. If you want to attend a college with big-time sports, check out this article on the largest college football stadiums. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Management (definition) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management (definition) - Essay Example The perspectives hence interpolate the events in the organization for instance rules and regulations, trade unions, conflicts differently, (Dale 2001). The unitary organization is viewed as being harmonious and integrated whole unit just like a united family. The management and the rest of the staff members all shares a common goal and they lay a lot of emphasize on cooperation that is mutual. This perspective approaches the organization paternally where it requires all the employees to be loyal. 1. This perspective approaches the organization as a one harmonious and integrated entity. This makes the employees feel wanted by the organization. They hence develop a lot of commitment, derive job satisfaction from what they do and this in the long run increases the organizational productivity. The organization life is mutual and people are friendly towards each other, (Mark 2001). 2. The organization is guided by a common objective. This is very advantageous as all the members of the organization including the management and staff cohesively works towards the attainment of a common goal which is unanimously agreed upon by the two parties as a whole. There is therefore the spirit of togetherness in the every day life of the organization. 1. ... The trade union serves as a representative of the employees to the employer and assists the employees in making trade agreements, in collective bargaining and negotiations. In a unitary organization therefore, the employees are not represented and their voice is not raised. They remain loyal to the organization and cooperate with the management, (Hoyer 2001). 2. Organizational conflicts are perceived to be disruptive to the normal running of the organization. They are associated and are said to result to the breakdown in communication, friction between individuals, and agitation. By shielding the organization from healthy conflicts, this perspective bars the organization from realizing the benefits of a healthy conflict. Healthy conflicts keep the employees and the management as well informed on the general feeling of the organizational issues. The conflicts also bring home the various points of views from the different people in the organization. 3. The organization only recruits employees who do not demonstrate a pluralistic character. This blacklists potential employees from working in the organization. In regard to this, the organization may leave out the best talent. This may affect the firm's productivity as well as the life of the organization. The pluralist perspective From this perspective, the organization is viewed as having divergent and powerful sub-groups of which each group has its individual loyalties that are legitimate, set objectives as well as its own leaders. These sub-groups primarily are the employees and the management, (Thomson and Rampton 2003). Advantages The responsibilities or the management lessens since all the management does is co-ordinate the employees in the organization as well as the organizational life. The burden

Compare and Contrast Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Compare and Contrast - Research Paper Example However, the American’s political analysts and scientist have been reluctant in carrying out studies on the religious organizations. This means that political science has shown some lack of interest to religious issues and the politicians have failed to merge their work to the theories of religion. The different religious interest groups have different operation whose characteristics are unique. It’s safe to claim that most religious interest groups have to some point, been involved to the politics in America. This chapter focuses on the religious politics that raises concern for the religious interest groups. It also attempts to identify the various religious interest groups in the United States and their views of political issues. I will also discuss two types of religious interest groups and their goals at the national level. Evidence is derived from studying the various religious interest groups. The religious diversity in the United States has resulted to the diver sity of goals and how their means of seeking them. Religious traditions in U.S.A The religious tradition in the United States is manly Judeo-Christianity. It divides the entire religious community into six groups. They include, the Roman Catholics, black Protestants, evangelical Protestants, mainline Protestants, Jews and the Secular people. The biggest religious group in the United States is the Protestant community. The Evangelical Protestants view the Bible literally and have the mission of bringing people back to Christ. The Black Protestants have more liberal political views than the Evangelical Protestants. Some groups in the religious tradition detach themselves from the secular or non-religious people in the society. However, majority of them obtain power from the political system of the nation. Most political scientists claim that the religious interest groups are to be held responsible for the absence of multiparty system in America. The religious interest groups organize ecumenical coalitions just like how political parties construct coalitions, in order to gain influence on various political issues in the Country (Wentz,67). Types of religious interest groups The types of religious groups discussed in this chapter are the Christian and Muslim interest groups. The two interest groups have both similar and different understanding of the political matters. Christian Religious group The Christian coalition was formed to improve the agenda on preserving the traditional view of the political and social system in the United States as well as the traditional values of the Americans. In 1989, Pat Robertson established the Christian coalition after losing the presidential nomination in 1988. The coalition mainly consisted of evangelical Protestants. The Christian coalition in America is composed of two million members and an additional of two thousand chapters in different fifty states. It influences the actions of political legislators in favor of tradition al values of religion and family. It also supports school prayer and market capitalism. On the other hand, the Christian interest group in the United States opposes gun control, abortion and secular influence. The organization was very selective in supporting the political candidates. It supported some and ignored others. However, the organization’s power of influence started to decline as membership dropped

My Family and the Conservative Theory Essay Example for Free

My Family and the Conservative Theory Essay I believe that my family is a great example of the conservative theory. I was raised by both of my parents who have been married for over thirty years. There was myself and my two sisters that also comprised our household. We lived in Saudi Arabia growing up and are followers of Islam. My father, Mahdi was a geography teacher on the college level, from which he has since retired. My mother taught middle school science. My older sister has been married for over five years and has one three year old child. I am currently attending college and studying finance and my younger sister is attending college and studying accounting. Being part of the Muslim community is part of the conservative nature of my family. We choose to try and live our lives according to the five pillars of Islam. These are the beliefs that the religion was founded upon. The first pillar of Islam is that Allah is complete and supreme oneness and that Muhammad was the great prophet. This one pillar is the foundation for the way that my family chooses to live our lives. We choose to participate in a culture where we are governed by Allah a will to do what is good and morally just. The second pillar of Islam is the establishment of daily prayers. Daily prayers are very important in our culture. They are the communication that we have with Allah and the way that we are guided in how we are going to make decisions. As a follower of Islam we pray five times per day. The third pillar of Islam is concern for the needing. This includes being willing to sacrifice to help others who are less fortunate than we are. It is important in my culture to give to those who are needy and to help them as much as we possibly can. Islam teaches not being selfish and wanting worldly possessions but rather being selfless and always giving of oneself to others. This means that it has never been important to me or my family as to whether or not we are wearing a certain brand of clothing or whether or not we have certain processions. It is not important for us to try to keep up with mainstream society in an attempt to fit in as we believe that our riches are destined for another time and another place. We value saving and are conservative in our spending and shopping habits. The fourth pillar of Islam is self purification through fasting. Fasting is a big part of our beliefs and we are conservative in this area as well. We fast during the month of Ramadan from sun up until sun down. This is to teach us discipline. There is no stronger conservative value than discipline as when we are disciplined we are able to make decisions without feeling the pressure of the outside world. The fifth pillar of Islam is to make a pilgrimage to Mekkah. The pilgrimage to Mekkah is important as we are traveling to the divine spot where Muhammad heard the words of Allah that he used to write the Koran. One of the biggest differences in the Islamic culture that we are a part of in comparison to most other cultures of today is the beliefs that we are taught about dating. Muslim teachings teach us that we are not to date until we are in the confines of marriage. It is against our teachings to go out on dates or to have premarital sex as these behaviors are considered worldly and a poisoning of ourselves and we are to be a temple to Allah. In our culture we start a dua when we want to start dating. This means that we ask Allah to send us a mate with whom we will make a good match with. We believe that Allah’s divine wisdom will allow us to meet our perfect match. I believe that a man and woman are created to be able to find the one perfect match for you who will give you spiritual unity and peace. When someone in my family is looking for a partner with whom to share their life with, the whole family becomes involved. It is still important to find someone who we are going to connect with and get along with and having a person chosen for us is not a way of controlling who we date but rather a way of keeping us from making the mistake of bad relationships and having to suffer through the pain of heartache. The overall idea is that by keeping ourselves pure and clean and not being in a physical relationship with anyone we are able to find a partner who truly is the best match for us emotionally. We also are able to find the one true partner that Allah has created for us by not letting physical attraction or other decisions get in our way. We remain pure for those who we are going to marry and yes this does mean that we do not believe in premarital sexual intercourse or sexual relationships in any way. My family is very conservative in the area of dating as both my sister and her husband and my mother and father are part of marriages that were arranged. My family also does not believe in divorce. We believe that if you truly are with the person that Allah has placed you with then there is no reason for divorce from that person. Growing up following the practices of Islam has made me a much more conservative person than most of my peers. I believe that those who commit crimes should be punished to the full extent. One heated subject for today’s culture has been the idea of corporal punishment and I am in favor of this practice when it is used for the correct reasons and within the realms of the law. I feel that this is the conservative approach on this topic, following the adage if you â€Å"can’t do the time then don’t do the crime. † I also am against abortion which is another topic of heated debate today. Abortion is something that is not allowed through the practices of Islam and something that would never be okay for me or anyone in my family. Homosexuality is also popular today and in the faith of Islam it is not allowed as it is considered a true sin. However it is also a sin to perform any type of sexual act outside of marriage as sexual acts are supposed to be for the purpose of creating a family. My family has not had children out of wedlock. My family has always worked hard to uphold themselves to the moral standards of Islam. Some of this has been difficult as I have always had to think of the moral debate to a subject and how I could justify my decision within my faith. I was raised to be respectful to my parents and could not have said some of those things that I have heard other students talk about saying to their parents. I have always been raised that without my parents I would not be anything and that I needed to uphold the utmost respect for them and their decisions in life. Even when I have disagreed with things that my parents have said, I will still give them the respect of listening to their decision without question. I have always known that my family was different from the other families that I have been witness to since moving to the US. Since we have always practiced Islam and since I grew up in Saudi Arabia I did not realize that we were so much more conservative than other families. Being a part of a conservative family has taught me many things, including that I have values and principals that I am not willing to let down for any reason. I want to follow the teachings of Allah and I want to preserve a culture that I feel reacts in a better way too many of the controversial issues of today. There are all kinds of issues that have to be dealt with on a regular basis when someone is growing up in today’s culture. In a way it is nice to not have to worry about some of these issues as they are behaviors that are not permitted by Islam therefore they are behaviors that I have never thought about being involved in. I do not date and I am a virgin and therefore I find that I am a part of a subgroup within the US culture that is unique in itself. Stating that I am simply conservative might be an understatement as I believe that Allah has better for me and that I should uphold myself to the highest moral standards in order to be able to please him and find my end reward later after this life has ended. I also believe that I have been taught unique values which have carried over into my conservative way of thinking. I was raised by both of my parents who are still married and I have watched my older sister attempt to have the same life that we did growing up. I am hopeful that one day Allah will speak and that I will find my mate and be able to fulfill my life as well.

Galileo Church v. Hero Essay -- Religion Philosophy Essays

Galileo Church v. Hero It is a volatile point in history: the intersection of science and religion at the height of the Inquisition; it is a time when the Church reigns and a man, a physicist, must choose life or death, himself or science. Galileo Galilei's legendary dilemma and the circumstances surrounding it are presented in Bertolt Brecht's Galileo from a perspective that is clearly criticizing institutions with such controlà ³in this case, the Catholic churchà ³while reminding us that men are simply men, no matter how heroic their actions appear. These issues are expounded throughout the play; however, Scene 11 has the most significant role in Galileo's development, as it simultaneously reveals the extent of the Church's control and humanizes Galileo in just a few lines. Despite his courage to venture into unexplored realms of science and thought, Galileo is not a hero. He is only a man. Scene 11 is the shortest scene in the play and one of only three scenes in which the title character does not appear. Yet it is here that Galileo is made completely human. In the quest for a hero, one might ignore his almost hedonistic desire for food, thought, and fine wine and the sacrifices that he makes to acquire money. These characteristics of Galileo are revealed early in the play, when he plagiarizes another man's telescope invention in order to get a salary raise from the city (Scenes 1 and 2), and then again in Scene 11 when the Pope says, "He has more enjoyment in him than any other man I ever saw. He loves eating and drinking and thinking. To excess. He indulges in thinking bouts! He cannot say no to an old wine or a new thought" ( Brecht 109). However, one cannot ignore a hero's cowardice in the face of physical pain. I... ... Nobody has planned a part for us beyond this wretched one on a worthless star. There is no meaning in our misery'" (Brecht 84). The people rely on the Church to lead them to a better life in heaven; their faith is all that they know. It is the Pope's duty to preserve the unity that comes from shared faith, and because he is controlled by that which he governs, he cannot refuse to punish Galileo for fear of social collapse. Brecht cleverly uses Scene 11 to plant seeds of thought in the minds of his audience members. Through the controversy of Galileo's life and the circumstances surrounding his session with the Inquisition, Galileo explores both the dangers of institutional control and the folly of elevating men to a heroic status. One will only be disappointed when both prove fallible. Bibliography Brecht, Bertolt. Galileo. New York: Grove Press, 1966.

Poverty In America Essay

Poverty has been on the rise in America, mainly because of the recession and now it is reaching new heights. Even though the government is trying to make more beneficial tax cuts, and find other various solutions, poverty levels continue to rise drastically. But to first find the solution ourselves we must first know what causes poverty and what it is. A simple definition of it is, poverty is the state of one who lacks a certain amount of material possessions or finances. Absolute poverty refers to the deprivation of basic human needs, which commonly includes food, water, sanitation, clothing, shelter, health care and education. People living in poverty have a much lower standard of living than those who are better off financially. Most people suffering from this deprivation have lost their homes and have difficulty finding things to eat and clothes to dress themselves with. People with money in this country do not have to worry about simple things such as where they will take a shower in the morning or how to ration the small amount of food they have to feed their whole family the day at hand. People with a substantial amount of money do not have to apply for government assistance such as food stamps or unemployment benefits. These also have things like insurance and healthcare to help them along as problems arise in life. People living in poverty do not get that luxury in insurance which gives them a sense of depreciated of self-worth. Because of this, it may be difficult to present themselves in a professional manner when searching for employment. America considers people who make less than 10,500 dollars a year, are a large part of why we have arrived at this dilemma due to the recent recession that has occurred. A lot of people go to desperate measures to provide food and other basic need for their families. For example many women become victims of trafficking, the most common form of which is prostitution as a means of survival for this economic desperation. Terrible living conditions can often compel children to abandon school in order to contribute to the family income, putting them at risk of being exploited too. This also causes many people that have lost their jobs and are making a fraction of what they are used to making for the job duties they are doing. People now work late past the time they are required to finish their daily task plus other extra work load because their coworker got let go due to the fact that their employer can not afford to pay both of their salaries. These same people now rely on unemployment checks and other government assistance programs to support their families and basic needs. It is estimated that one out of every seven houses have been taken by the banks in the last ten years alone. Because of this, America is seeing an all new kind of poverty. The middle class is slipping from steady ground and down to the bottom. People that used to make a decent living can no longer compete with this new economy. Poverty in today’s society has become a major issue and it affects more people than we think. People are losing jobs and cannot help it. In this economy we live in today it is very hard to make money and provide for our families. These people cannot get all of the help they need because some people are just working the system, so they either get rejected or reject the fact they need because they do not want to categorized with those people. An example, from where I’m from I use to be a cashier at Kroger for two years and so many people on food stamps and the WIC program (Women Infants Children) would come in to buy food and have iPhones and Coach Purses or even keys for Mercedes and if you have any of those thing you do not have your properties in order. This is just not fair for those people that are in dire need for food and using these programs the way they are supposed to be used for. And that is why it’s hard for normal people who work so hard for their money and still do not make enough to provide and the need for a helping hand in food programs such as these. With all this being said, people need to look into the Baptist Faith it is taught that all Christians will go through times of suffering and one of these suffering phases we go through is poverty. Many people now a days seem to be faithful to the church until they become unemployed or fall on hard times financially, and instead of looking to God they tend to blame him. God does not make bad things happen, it is not his plans to harm us but protect from the evil that is causing the suffering. I agree with the Baptist Faith on their view towards poverty. Furthermore, I believe if more people just trusted in God more faithfully and I know it is easier said than done but it would help many peoples walk with the Lord on the right path and further it.

Mobile Phones Essay

A mobile operating system, also referred to as mobile OS, is the operating system that operates a smartphone, tablet, PDA, or other digital mobile devices. Modern mobile operating systems combine the features of a personal computer operating system with touchscreen, cellular, Bluetooth, WiFi, GPS mobile navigation, camera, video camera,speech recognition, voice recorder, music player, Near field communication, personal digital assistant (PDA), and other features. History Main article: Smartphone Mobile operating system milestones mirror the development of mobile phones and smartphones: ââ€" ª 1979–1992 Mobile phones have embedded systems to control operation. ââ€" ª 1993 The first smartphone, the IBM Simon, had a touchscreen, email, and PDA features. ââ€" ª 1996 Palm Pilot 1000 personal digital assistant is introduced with the Palm OS mobile operating system. ââ€" ª 1996 First Windows CE Handheld PC devices are introduced. ââ€" ª 1999 Nokia S40 OS was officially introduced with the launch of the Nokia 7110 ââ€" ª 2000 Symbian became the first modern mobile OS on a smartphone with the launch of the Ericsson R380. ââ€" ª 2001 The Kyocera 6035 is the first smartphone with Palm OS. ââ€" ª 2002 Microsoft’s first Windows CE (Pocket PC) smartphones are introduced. ââ€" ª 2002 BlackBerry releases its first smartphone. ââ€" ª 2005 Nokia introduced Maemo OS on the first internet tablet N770. ââ€" ª 2007 Apple iPhone with iOS introduced as an iPhone, â€Å"mobile phone† and â€Å"internet communicator.†[1] ââ€" ª 2007 Open Handset Alliance (OHA) formed by Google, HTC, Sony, Dell, Intel, Motorola, Samsung, LG, etc.[2] ââ€" ª 2008 OHA releases Android 1.0 with the HTC Dream (T-Mobile G1) as the first Android phone. ââ€" ª 2009 Palm introduced webOS with the Palm Pre. By 2012 webOS devices were no longer sold. ââ€" ª 2009 Samsung announces the Bada OS with the introduction of the Samsung S8500. ââ€" ª 2010 Windows Phone OS phones are released but are not compatible with the previous Windows Mobile OS. ââ€" ª 2011 The MeeGo the first mobile Linux, combined Maemo and Moblin, was introduced with Nokia N9 in effect of cooperation of Nokia, Intel and Linux Foundation ââ€" ª In September 2011 Samsung, Intel and the Linux Foundation announced that their efforts will shift from Bada, MeeGo to Tizen during 2011 and 2012. ââ€" ª In October 2011 the Mer project was announced, centered around an ultra-portable Linux + HTML5/QML/JS Core for building products with, derived from the MeeGo codebase. ââ€" ª 2012 The Lenovo K800 will be the first Intel powered smartphone (Android OS).[3] ââ€" ª Common software platforms ââ€" ª See also: Comparison of Android devices, List of BlackBerry products, List of iOS devices, Comparison of Symbian devices, and List of Windows Phone devices ââ€" ª The most common mobile operating systems are: ââ€" ª Android from Google Inc.[4] (free and open source)[5] ââ€" ª The Galaxy Nexus running Android 4.0.1 ââ€" ª Android was developed by a small startup company that was purchased by Google Inc. in 2005, and Google continues to update the software. Android is a Linux-derived OS backed by Google, along with major hardware and software developers (such as Intel, HTC, ARM, Samsung, Motorola and eBay, to name a few), that form the Open Handset Alliance.[6] Released on November 5th 2007, the OS received praise from a number of developers upon its introduction.[7] Android releases prior to 2.0 (1.0, 1.5, 1.6) were used exclusively on mobile phones. Most Android phones, and some Android tablets, now use a 2.x release. Android 3.0 was a tablet-oriented release and does not officially run on mobile phones. The current Android version is 4.1. Android releases are nicknamed after sweets or dessert items like Cupcake (1.5), Frozen Yogurt (2.2), Honeycomb (3.0), Ice Cream Sandwich (4.0) and Jelly Bean (4.1). Most major mobile service providers carry an Android device. Since the HTC Dream was introduced, there has been an explosion in the number of devices that carry Android OS. From Q2 of 2009 to the second quarter of 2010, Android’s worldwide market share rose 850% from 1.8% to 17.2%. On 15 November 2011, Android reached 52.5% of the global smartphone market share.[8] ââ€" ª The Apple iPad tablet computer uses a version of iOS. ââ€" ª bada from Samsung Electronics (closed source, proprietary) ââ€" ª This is a mobile operating system being developed by Samsung Electronics. Samsung claims that bada will rapidly replace its proprietary feature phone platform, converting feature phones to smartphones.The name ‘bada’ is derived from ë °â€Ã«â€¹ ¤, the Korean word for ocean or sea. The first device to run bada is called ‘Wave’ and was unveiled to the public at Mobile World Congress 2010. The Wave is a fully touchscreen running the new mobile operating system. With the phone, Samsung also released an app store, called Samsung Apps, to the public. It has close to 3000[9] mobile applications. ââ€" ª Samsung has said that they don’t see Bada as a smartphone operating system, but as an OS with a kernel configurable architecture, which allows the use of either a proprietary real-time operating system, or the Linux kernel. Though Samsung plans to install bada on many phones, the company still has a large lineup of Android phones. ââ€" ª BlackBerry OS from RIM (closed source, proprietary) ââ€" ª This OS is focused on easy operation and was originally designed for business. Recently it has seen a surge in third-party applications and has been improved to offer full multimedia support. Currently Blackberry’s App World has over 50,000 downloadable applications. RIM’s future strategy will focus on the newly acquired QNX, having already launched the BlackBerry PlayBook tablet running a version of QNX and expecting the first QNX smartphones in early 2012.[10] ââ€" ª iOS from Apple Inc.[4] (closed source, proprietary, on top of open source Darwin core OS) ââ€" ª The Apple iPhone, iPod Touch, iPad, and second-generation Apple TV all use an operating system called iOS, which is derived fromMac OS X. Native third party applications were not officially supported until the release of iOS 2.0 on July 11th 2008. Before this, â€Å"jailbreaking† allowed third party applications to be installed, and this method is still available. Currently all iOS devices are developed by Apple and manufactured by Foxconn or another of Apple’s partners. ââ€" ª S40 (Series40) from Nokia (closed source, proprietary) ââ€" ª Nokia uses S40 OS in their low end phones (aka feature phones). Over the years over 150 phone models have been developed running S40 OS.[11] Since the introduction of S40 OS it has evolved from monochrome low resolution UI to full touch 256k color UI. ââ€" ª Symbian OS from Nokia and Accenture[4] (open public license) ââ€" ª Symbian has the largest smartphone share in most markets worldwide, but lags behind other companies in the relatively small but highly visible North American market.[12] This matches the success of Nokia in all markets except Japan. In Japan Symbian is strong due to a relationship with NTT DoCoMo, with only one of the 44 Symbian handsets released in Japan coming from Nokia.[13] It has been used by many major handset manufacturers, including BenQ, Fujitsu, LG, Mitsubishi, Motorola, Nokia, Samsung, Sharp, andSony Ericsson. Current Symbian-based devices are being made by Fujitsu, Nokia, Samsung, Sharp, and Sony Ericsson. Prior to 2009 Symbian supported multiple user interfaces, i.e. UIQ from UIQ Technologies, S60 from Nokia, and MOAP from NTT DOCOMO. As part of the formation of the Symbian OS in 2009 these three UIs were merged into a single OS which is now fully open source. Recently, though shipments of Symbian devices have increased, the operating system’s worldwide market share has declined from over 50% to just over 40% from 2009 to 2010. Nokia handed the development of Symbian to Accenture, which will continue to support the OS until 2016.[14] ââ€" ª The Palm Pre running HP (formerly Palm)webOS. HP purchased Palm in 2010. ââ€" ª Windows Phone from Microsoft (closed source, proprietary) ââ€" ª On February 15th, 2010, Microsoft unveiled its next-generation mobile OS, Windows Phone. The new mobile OS includes a completely new over-hauled UI inspired by Microsoft’s â€Å"Metro Design Language†. It includes full integration of Microsoft services such as Windows Live, Zune, Xbox Live and Bing, but also integrates with many other non-Microsoft services such as Facebook andGoogle accounts. The new software platform has received some positive reception from the technology press.

How To Build Influence In Any Industry With Chris Dessi

How To Build Influence In Any Industry With Chris Dessi Influence: It pertains to every industry, and it’s a hot topic in marketing right now. If you want to be one of the major players in your niche, you need to have influence. As you build- and market- your business, you’re probably reaching out to the influencers in your field. But why not become an influencer yourself? Today’s guest, Chris Dessi, is the founder of Silverback Social, a digital marketing agency specializing in social media. The company manages the social media ecosystem and provides consulting for many different brands. He offers our listeners a lot of great insight on being an entrepreneur, being relevant, and becoming an influencer. Powered by PodcastMotor Actionable Content Marketing powered by By 00:00/00:00 1x 100 > Download file Subscribe on iTunes Leave Review Share Some of the topics you’ll hear discussed in today’s episode include: Chris’s background before he launched Silverback Social, and how he’s gotten to the point of having developed a successful personal brand. Advice for people who want to begin publishing content and getting people to relate to them. Why it’s important to combine work and personal life within your content. How marketers can stay relevant if they work in drab industries. Where Chris sees himself going in the future. Links: Silverback Social ChrisDessi.com Chris on Inc.com Chris book:  Remarkable You: Build a Personal Brand and Take Charge of Your Career If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud,  Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Chris: â€Å"Being an entrepreneur, it creeps into every inch of your organism.† â€Å"People that are generating really great content within social media and doing really great things within digital, they don’t wait for permission, they just go and create.† â€Å"Talk about things outside of the office. What are you into? What are the things that youre interested in? That’s gonna help you get a sale.†

Article Critique

The association between suicidal ideation, friendships with delinquents, and social/parental connectedness in high-risk youth is poorly understood (Logan, Crosby, Hamburger, 2011). The participants include 2,598 pre/early adolescents, but no further information is described regarding the individuals. The results are included: After adjusting for demographic and mental distress factors, suicidal ideation was positively associated with having delinquent friends; yet, after factoring in substance abuse and mental distress, this was negative for males (Logan, Crosby, Hamburger). Furthermore, after adjusting for all factors (demographic, mental distress, illicit substance abuse, and peer/date violence victimization), suicidal ideation was negatively associated with school and parental connectedness, but a higher association did exist for females (Logan, Crosby, Hamburger). The significance levels are not reported. Future research is touched on in the conclusion; potential benefits may exist in increasing school connectedness and improving parenting strategies, especially for females, as well as the improving the violence and substance-abuse prevention strategies, especially for males, connected with delinquent peers (Logan, Crosby, Hamburger). After reading the entire article and re-reading the abstract, it remains clear and provides a good relevant description of the problem under study. The purpose is also clear. The specific hypothesis is not clearly stated, however. The research questions are not clearly stated, but can be interpreted. The review is objective and unbiased, but does not contain any alternative viewpoints. Methods The participants are identified: English-speaking students enrolled in grades 7, 9, 11, and 12 at all 16 public schools within a school district (ranking among the 25 nationally highest in poverty, highest 15 in single-parent families, highest 10 in serious crime rates, and the highest 35 in unemployment rate). The number of the entire population is not stated here, but that only data from grades 7 and 9 are used in the study; (3,314 in 7th grade and 2,598 in 9th grade). The participants were selected for the study by voluntarily completing an anonymous self-administered 174-item questionnaire. 78% participated and each student received a $5 gift card for returning the parental permission form and another $5 gift card after completing the survey (Logan, Crosby, Hamburger). There is no mention of approval from the Institutional Review Board. The variables of interest included the following: friendships with delinquents, parental caring and supervision, social support, school connectedness, and number of perceived close friends. Each of the aforementioned variables were further divided as well. The outcome variable, suicidal ideation, was dichotomized: did or did not seriously consider attempting suicide within the 12 months prior to completing the survey. Three analyses were conducted: (1) basic descriptive analyses to characterize the population (including logistic regression to assess crude associations between each characteristic and the outcome variable; associations were reported via odds ratio); (2) logistic regression to determine the associations of each connectedness variable with the outcome variable, adjusting for potential confounding factors; and (3) interaction terms were added to each model-building step that adjusted for demographic actors between the main variables and the outcome variable by sex (Logan, Crosby, Hamburger, 2011). Enough information to replicate the design is not provided, nor is the data analysis plan. Results Descriptive results are reported in a table, including demographics. A lot of information from the tables is not described in the text, but the tables can be interpreted stand alone. The results are written in plain English: 17% had seriously considered suicide within the previous year; 71% had delinquent friends; 66% experienced peer or date abuse within the previous year; 53% experienced mental distress within the previous 30 days; 12% drank alcohol within the previous year; 10% used illicit drugs within the previous year; 80% felt connected to school; 70% felt they had moderate to high levels of social support; and 63% felt they had parents who cared about them and supervised their activities.